Adobe Photoshop Elements 6 for Mac Free Download UPDATED Free

Adobe Photoshop Elements 6 for Mac Free Download

Introduction

Mac-loving photograph enthusiasts, rejoice! Information technology's been a long, long wait, but Adobe has finally released a new Mac version of Photoshop Elements. (It's been two whole years since Elements 4 came out, and Adobe skipped version 5 for Macs.) Why is that a big deal? Considering if you're a digital photographer, there'southward but cypher like a Mac for editing your photos and creating projects with them, then a Mac with Elements is a match made in heaven.

Digital cameras give you instant gratification—you can preview your photos as soon as y'all take them, and there'due south no more wondering how many duds you're going to go back from the photo store. You save a bundle on printing, too, since yous tin option and choose which photos to print. Or perhaps you're thinking that printing'south pretty 20th century. Maybe you want to post your photos on a Web site, email them to friends, or create a really cool slideshow with fancy transitions and music.

If the digital camera bug has bitten yous, you're probably enlightened of something else: The epitome-editing and moving picture-organizing software that comes with about cameras is pretty limited when information technology's time to spruce upwardly your digital photos. Even if you're scanning in sometime prints and slides, you'll want a programme that helps you rejuvenate these gems and eliminate the habiliment and tear of all those years.

Enter Photoshop Elements 6 for Mac. At that place'southward no more elegant, fun tool for working with images than a Mac running Bone X, and now Elements 6 gives you an amazingly powerful—yet cheap—tool for improving your photos and using them in a variety of fun projects. If you've used Elements before, you'll exist blown away by all the new features in Elements 6. If you lot've never tried Elements, you're in for a real treat.

Why Photoshop Elements?

Adobe's Photoshop is the granddaddy of all image-editing programs. Information technology's the Big Cheese, the industry standard against which everything else is measured. Every photo yous've seen in a volume or magazine in the by 10 years or so has near certainly passed through Photoshop on its manner to beingness printed. You simply can't buy anything that gives you more control over your pictures than Photoshop does.

Merely Photoshop has some big drawbacks—it's darned hard to acquire, it's horribly expensive, and many of the features in it are but plain overkill if y'all don't plan to work on pictures for a living.

For several years, Adobe tried to find a way to cram many of Photoshop'southward marvelous powers into a parcel that normal people could use. Finding the right formula was a ho-hum process. First there was PhotoDeluxe, a program that was lots of fun merely came up short when you wanted to fine-melody how the program worked. Then Adobe tried again with Photoshop LE, which many people felt just gave you lot all the difficulty of full Photoshop simply still too footling of what you needed to do top-notch work.

Finally—sort of like "The Three Bears"—Adobe got it just correct with Photoshop Elements. It took off like crazy considering information technology offers then much of the ability of Photoshop in a plan that almost anyone can learn. With Elements, you, too, can piece of work with the same wonderful tools that the pros use.

Elements 6 is a big jump forward, bringing y'all all the new tools that Windows folks got in both versions 5 and 6, also as some new features to make information technology easier for beginners to go started editing photos. It'southward also optimized to accept advantage of the latest Mac hardware and most recent versions of Bone X.

With the earliest versions of Elements, there was something of a learning curve. It was a super plan merely not one where yous could just sit down down and look to become perfect results right off the bat. In each new version, Adobe has added lots of push-button-easy means to right and improve your photos, but the tradeoff for the actress features is that information technology'south become more than and more complicated to find what y'all want. In Elements half-dozen, Adobe has made a big effort to streamline things and make information technology easier for you lot to find your way around.

You'd call up that with such a long hiatus between versions, some sort of serious competitor to Elements would take appeared in the Mac software loonshit. Only despite the few programs that have tried, at that place'southward even so nothing you can buy that gives you as much editing power for so niggling coin every bit Elements does.

What You Tin Do with Elements 6

The list of what yous can do with Elements is pretty impressive. You can:

Enhance your photos past editing, cropping, and colour correcting them, including fixing exposure and color problems.
Add together all kinds of special effects to your photos, like turning a garden-diverseness photo into a drawing, painting, or even a tile mosaic.
Combine photos into a panorama or a montage.
Move someone from one photograph to another, and fifty-fifty remove people (your ex?) from concluding twelvemonth'southward holiday photos.
Repair and restore old and damaged photos.
Use Adobe Bridge to organize your photos and assign keywords to them then you can search past subject or name.
Add blazon to your images and turn them into things similar greeting cards and flyers.
Create digital artwork from scratch, fifty-fifty without a photo to work from.
Create and edit graphics for Web sites, including making animated GIFs (pictures that move blitheness-way).
Create wonderful collages that you lot can print or share with your friends digitally. Scrapbookers—get ready to be wowed.
Create Spider web galleries and slideshows, and email your photos (although y'all've already got pretty skilful tools for doing all this with OS X and the programs that came with your Mac).

It's worth noting, though, that at that place are yet a few things Elements can't do. While Elements handles text quite competently, at least as photo-editing programs become, it's still no substitute for Quark, InDesign, or any other desktop publishing programme. And Elements tin can do an amazing job of fixing problems in your photos, but simply if you give it something to work with. If your photo is totally overexposed, blurry, and the pinnacle of everyone's caput is cut off, at that place may be a limit to what even Elements can do to help yous out. (C'mon, be fair.) The fact is, though, yous're more likely to be surprised past what Elements can fix than by what information technology can't.

What'southward New in Elements 6

The first thing you'll discover about Elements vi is the program's snazzy new darker color scheme to requite it a more than professional await. But that's not all that's new in Elements 6:

Compatibility . Elements six is a universal application, which ways it'south designed to give you top performance on whatever hardware you lot've got, whether you lot have a newer Mac with an Intel processor (similar a Macbook or contempo iMac), or i of the older Ability PC Macs (with a G4 or G5 processor). If you've got an Intel Mac, Elements 6 runs at full speed—it'south not using Rosetta, the program that lets yous run Power PC programs, although they usually run slower than programs designed for Intel processors. (Capturing Video Frames has more virtually Rosetta.) Elements 6 is fully optimized for Leopard (Mac Bone Ten 10.5), besides. It'll run on Tiger (Mac OS X 10.four), simply you demand at least x.4.8, and will be happier with Elements' performance if you lot update to 10.4.11. For Leopard, y'all'll get the best results if you have 10.5.two or higher.
Guided Edit . If you're just starting out with Elements, you at present get a special editing mode, Guided Edit, which walks you through many bones editing tasks, like cropping a photograph or adjusting its exposure (Guided Edit).
Photomerge .Elements has e'er had a panorama maker (called Photomerge), but in Elements 6 it gets a complete makeover. It's gone from being i of the weakest parts of Elements to i of the best. You'll find it incredibly easy to make cute panoramas in Elements 6 (Creating Panoramas), with no more tweaking and patching afterward to hide the seams. For a lot of people, this characteristic alone is worth the price of the program .
Faces and Grouping Shot (Merging Dissimilar Faces). In Elements 6, Photomerge isn't but for panoramas anymore. You get two new variations: Faces and Group Shot. Faces is just a fun way to combine parts of different faces for caricatures and amusing effects, simply Group Shot is a solution to the old problem of taking several photos of a group of people and having 1 person spoil the best shot by closing his eyes or looking abroad from the camera. Group Shot makes it easy to motion that person over from some other photo where he was behaving himself.
Improved RAW conversion .If y'all shoot photos in RAW format, you'll be happy to know that the RAW Converter in Elements 6 has a number of new features, like the ability to apply your settings to many photos at in one case and new tools for activities like straightening correct in the Converter. You lot can use the RAW Converter to edit JPEG and TIFF files now, too (Choosing bit depth: 8 or sixteen bits?).
Quick Selection tool . With the new Quick Selection tool, it'southward incredibly easy to brand complex selections with simply a quick drag over the expanse you desire (Selecting with a Brush).
Refine Border . If you've used Elements earlier y'all empathize how of import it is to take expert edges on objects you plan to cut out or move to another photo. With Refine Edge, it's easy to create clean edges that blend seamlessly into other images (Selecting with a Brush).
Quick CD/DVD burning . In Elements 6, you tin easily burn photos or projects to a disc for sharing right from Elements (Changing the File Format).
True black-and-white conversion . Elements has always let you remove colour, only Elements vi tin create truly stunning black-and-white shots from your color photos (Method I: Making Color Photos Blackness and White).
Curves . Not a drawing tool, but one of the most sophisticated colour-correction tools from Photoshop. It's arrived in Elements in a simpler, piece of cake-to-use form (see Color Curves: Enhancing Tone and Contrast).
Prepare Lens Distortion . With the new Correct Camera Baloney Filter, you tin can quickly prepare problems caused by your camera'south lens, similar barrel or pincushion distortion (meet Correcting Lens Distortion).
Dozens of new graphics, frames, and special effects to jazz up your photos (Chapter 15), and new alignment tools to position them just then (Adjustment and Distributing Layers).
Professional-looking new photo collages (Photo Collages). Other great new projects include DVD encompass inserts and CD/DVD labels.
Multi-folio documents . For the first time, you can create Elements files that are more than one page long (see Creating Multipage Documents).

If y'all've used Elements earlier and you lot're not sure which version you've got, a quick way to tell is to look for the version number on the disc. If the plan is already installed, see The Welcome Screen for help figuring out which version you lot have.

Incidentally, all the versions of Elements are totally dissever programs, so you can run all of them on the aforementioned computer if you like, as long as your operating organization is compatible. (You can fifty-fifty have more than one version open at a time, as long as y'all open the older version start.) And then if you prefer the older version of a particular tool, you can all the same utilize it. As a matter of fact, if you're experienced in Elements and addicted to the many improver tools and actions for Elements 3 and earlier versions, you definitely want to keep your old Elements effectually. (Adobe has taken steps to brand certain that most of those tools can't piece of work in Elements 4, 5 and 6; more than details in Chapter 18.) If you've been using one of the earlier versions, you'll still experience right at habitation in Elements 6. You'll only find that it's easier than e'er to go stuff done with the program.

Annotation

The official organisation requirements for Elements 6 specify at least 64MB of video RAM. If yous have a figurer, like some G4 iBooks, which meets the requirements in other ways but doesn't have that much video RAM, Elements 6 may run, only it'll probably be slow and things may not render completely. You may be happier with Elements 4 till you lot go a new Mac.

Mac vs. PC

In Elements, Adobe has departed from its longstanding policy of making the Mac and Windows versions of its programs as like as possible. The Mac version of Elements half-dozen is pretty different from its Windows counterpart. You should understand the differences in case you lot ever want to follow tutorials or videos written for the Windows version.

The good news is that photograph editing is pretty much the same on both platforms. If you desire to follow a Windows demonstration virtually editing with Elements half dozen, just substitute ⌘ for Ctrl and Option for Alt, and y'all should exist fine.

Where the platforms diverge is in the features for organizing your files. The Windows version includes the Organizer, whereas Mac users get Adobe Bridge. That'due south actually a good thing—Bridge is the professional person-level browser program included with the full version of Photoshop. Bridge is really useful, particularly if you shoot in RAW format (run across Chapter 8 to learn all nearly RAW)—Bridge is much better than the Organizer at dealing with RAW files. Span too has the advantage that yous don't have to use it much at all, especially if you already utilise iPhoto, Aperture, or another program to organize your photos. (In Windows, it's darned difficult to work around the Organizer if you don't like it.)

What you don't get in the Mac version of Elements is the fancy slideshows and Web galleries that come with the Windows version. Y'all still get slideshows and Web galleries, just they're the same ones you become with Photoshop—more of a convenience, non a major characteristic of the program. But you've got lots of other means to create slideshows on your Mac—and Web galleries, too, if yous have iWeb or employ .Mac. And you lot get a much more robust picture packet (Picture Packages) and contact canvas (Printing Multiple Images) than in Elements for Windows.

The bottom line is that both platforms get the same editing features (the center of the plan), only the extras are a bit different.

Note

If you're using Windows, there's a split edition of this book specifically for the Windows version of Elements half dozen. You can find it on missingmanuals.com.

Elements vs. Photoshop

It'south easy to go dislocated about the differences between Elements and the full version of Adobe Photoshop. Because Elements is so much less expensive, and because many of its more advanced controls are tucked away, a lot of Photoshop aficionados tend to view Elements equally some kind of toy version of their plan.

They couldn't be more incorrect. Elements is Photoshop, but it's Photoshop adapted for use with a habitation printer and for the Web. The most of import divergence between Elements and Photoshop is that Elements doesn't permit you work or save in CMYK mode, which is the format used for commercial colour printing. (CMYK stands for Cyan, Magenta, Yellowish, and black. Your inkjet printer also uses those ink colors to print, but it expects yous to give it an RGB file, which is what Elements creates. This is all explained in Chapter vii.)

Elements as well lacks several tools that are basic staples in any commercial art department, similar Actions or scripting (to help automate repetitive tasks), the extra color control yous can get from Selective Colour, and the Pen tool's special talent for creating vector paths. Also, for some special effects, like creating drop shadows or bevels, the tool y'all'd utilise—Layer styles—doesn't have as many settings in Elements as information technology does in Photoshop. The same holds truthful for a handful of other Elements tools.

And although Elements is all most people will need to create graphics for the Web, information technology doesn't come up with the advanced tools in Photoshop, which permit yous do things similar automatically piece images into smaller pieces for faster Spider web display. If yous utilize Elements, you'll have to do those tasks manually or look for another program to aid out.

The Key to Learning Elements

Elements may not be quite as powerful as Photoshop, just it's notwithstanding a complex programme, filled with more features than virtually people will always terminate up using. The good news is that the Quick Fix window (Chapter four) lets y'all go started right abroad, even if you don't sympathise every final option that Quick Fix presents you with. And in Elements 6, you also get the Guided Edit mode (Guided Edit), which provides a step-by-stride walkthrough for some popular editing tasks, like sharpening your photograph or cropping it to fit on standard photo paper.

Every bit for the programme's more than complex features, the cardinal to learning how to utilize Elements—or any other program, for that affair—is to focus merely on what you need to know for the task you're currently trying to achieve.

For instance, if you're trying to utilise Quick Fix to adapt the colour of your photo and to crop it, don't worry that you don't get the concept of "layers" yet. You won't acquire to do everything in Elements in a 24-hour interval or even a week. The rest volition expect until you need information technology. And so take your time and don't worry about what's not important to you lot correct now. Yous'll find it much easier to chief Elements if you lot get slowly and concentrate on one affair at a time.

If you're totally new to the programme, yous'll find merely three or four big concepts in this book that you really take to understand if y'all want to get the near out of Elements. It may take a little fourth dimension for some concepts to sink in—resolution and layers, for instance, aren't the most intuitive concepts in the world—merely once they click, they'll seem and so obvious that you lot'll wonder why things seemed confusing at showtime. That'south perfectly normal, so persevere. You can do this, and there'southward cypher in this book that you won't be able to understand with a petty bit of careful reading.

The very all-time fashion to learn Elements is just to dive right in and play with it. Attempt all the different filters to see what they do. Add a filter on top of some other filter. Click around on all the different tools and try them. You don't even need to have a photo to do this. Run into Creating a New File for how to brand an epitome from scratch in Elements, and read on to learn about the many downloadable practise images you'll find at this book's companion Web site, www.missingmanuals.com. Become crazy—you tin stack upwards as many filters, effects, and Layer styles as you want without crashing the program.

Well-nigh This Book

Elements is such a cool plan and then much fun to use, but figuring out how to make it exercise what yous desire is some other matter. Elements but comes with a brief quickstart guide, not a total manual, although the Aid files are available equally a PDF file. The PDF is very good, just of course y'all demand to know what yous're looking for to use them to your best reward.

Which is where the Missing Manual comes in. This book is intended to brand learning Elements easier past fugitive technical jargon as much as possible, and explaining why and when you'll want to employ (or avoid) certain features in the program. That approach is as useful to people who are avant-garde photographers every bit information technology is to those who are just getting started with their first digital camera.

What'southward more, this is a whole book only for you Mac folks. You won't have to waste fourth dimension skipping over huge chunks of text most features y'all don't have or mentally substituting keystrokes in every list of instructions. Everything in this book is specific to the Mac version of Elements half-dozen—it's all Mac, all the fourth dimension.

Note

This book periodically recommends other books, roofing topics that are too specialized or tangential for a manual about Elements. Careful readers may notice that non every one of these titles is published by Missing Transmission parent O'Reilly Media. While we're happy to mention other Missing Manuals and books in the O'Reilly family, if there's a smashing volume out there that doesn't happen to be published by O'Reilly, we'll nonetheless let y'all know most it.

You'll also notice tutorials throughout the book that refer to files you can download from the Missing Manual Web site (www.missingmanuals.com) and then you can exercise the techniques you're reading about. And throughout the book, you'll find several different kinds of sidebar articles. The ones labeled "Upwardly to Speed" assistance newcomers to Elements do things or explicate concepts that veterans are probably already familiar with. Those labeled "Ability Users' Clinic" cover more avant-garde topics that won't be of much involvement to casual photographers.

Note

The new darker await of Elements 6 is very cool merely yous may find the program'south solid background very un-Maclike. Not to worry: You can turn it off and accept the sort of floating Mac interface yous're used to (see Your Elements Tools). If you lot take trouble seeing highlighted text because there'southward not enough contrast, y'all can exercise what was done for this book and just go to Organization Preferences → Appearance and choose a different colour. Keep in mind that his change affects all your programs, then you may need to experiment to observe a colour yous like in Elements and your other programs.

About the Outline

This volume is divided into six parts, each focusing on a sure kind of task yous may want to do in Elements:

Introduction to Elements

The first part of this book helps you become started with Elements. Affiliate ane shows y'all how to navigate Elements' slightly confusing layout and mishmash of programs within programs. Y'all learn how to decide which window to start from, as well as how to set up Elements and then it all-time suits your own personal working style. Yous too learn about some important basic keyboard shortcuts and where to await for help when yous go stuck. Chapter two covers how to get photos into Elements, the nuts of using Bridge, and how to open files and create new images from scratch, as well as how to save and dorsum upwards your images. Chapter 3 explains how to rotate and ingather your photos, and includes a primer on that most important digital imaging concept—resolution.

Elemental Elements

Chapter 4 tells y'all how to use the Quick Fix window to dramatically amend your photos. Chapters Affiliate 5 and Chapter 6 cover two primal concepts—making selections and layers—that you'll use throughout the book.

Retouching

Having Elements is like having a darkroom on your computer. In Chapter vii, you'll learn how to make basic corrections, such as fixing exposure, adjusting colour, sharpening an image, and removing dust and scratches. Chapter viii covers topics unique to people who employ digital cameras, like RAW conversion and batch processing your photos. In Chapter 9, you'll move on to some more sophisticated fixes, like changing the light, using the clone stamp for repairs, making a photograph livelier past adjusting the color intensity and light and shadows in an image. Chapter 10 shows yous how to catechumen your photos to black and white, and how to tint and colorize black-and-white photos. Chapter eleven helps you to use Elements' Photomerge feature to create a panorama from several photos and to brand perspective corrections to your images.

Artistic Elements

This part covers the fun stuff—painting on your photos and drawing shapes (Chapter 12), using filters and effects to create a more creative look (Affiliate xiii), and adding type to your images (Chapter fourteen).

Sharing your images

Once you've created a swell epitome in Elements, you'll want to share it, so this function is about how to get the virtually out of your printer (Chapter sixteen), how to create images for the Web and email (Chapter 17), how to make slideshows (Chapter 15) and Web Galleries with your photos (Chapter 17), and all the fun projects yous can create with Elements 6 (Chapter fifteen).

Additional Elements

There are literally hundreds of plug-ins and additional styles, brushes, and other fun stuff y'all can get to customize your copy of Elements and increment its abilities; the Cyberspace and your local bookstore are clogged of additional information. Chapter eighteen offers a look at some of these, equally well as information about using a graphics tablet in Elements and some resources for after you've finished this book.

For Newcomers to Elements

There'south a lot of information in this book, and if you're new to Elements y'all don't need to try to digest it all at in one case, especially if you've never used any kind of photo-editing software before. And so what do you demand to read start? Here's a simple v-footstep mode to apply the book if you're brand-new to photo editing:

Read all of Affiliate 1 .

That's important for agreement how to get around in Elements.
If y'all aren't sure how to get photos onto your Mac, or if you lot want to organize your photos or assign keywords to them, read about Bridge in Chapter two .

That chapter also tells you how to open up photos in Elements, if y'all're unsure well-nigh it.
When you're prepare to edit your photos, read Capacity Chapter 3 and Chapter iv .

Chapter 3 explains how to conform the view of your photos in the Editor. Chapter 4 shows you how to use the Elements Quick Fix window to easily edit and correct your photos. Guided Edit (Guided Edit) can also be very helpful when you're just getting started. To understand your options for saving your photos, go back and read the section of Affiliate 2 that explains them (Saving Your Work).
When you lot're fix to impress or share your photos, flip to the chapters on sharing your images .

Affiliate 16 covers printing, both at home and from online services. Affiliate 17 explains how to email photos and put them online.

That'southward all you demand to become started. You tin can come back and selection up the remainder of the information in the book as y'all become more comfortable with Elements and want to explore more of the wonderful things it tin practise for your photos.

The Very Basics

This book assumes that you know how to perform bones activities on your computer like clicking and double-clicking and dragging objects onscreen. Here's a quick refresher:

Since you take a Mac, you accept a choice between using a one-button mouse or a 2-button mouse. (If you have the Apple tree Mighty Mouse that comes with recent Macs, yous can use it either mode: Get to → System Preferences → Keyboard & Mouse → Mouse to ready your mouse'south behavior.) You tin can do all the same things with a one-button mouse that y'all can do with a two-push mouse. Hither's the lowdown:

To click means to motion the signal of your mouse or trackpad cursor over an object on your screen and press the left (or only) mouse or trackpad button once. To double-click means to press the left (or only) mouse or trackpad push twice, chop-chop, without moving the cursor between clicks. To drag ways to click an object and use the mouse or trackpad to move it while property downward the mouse or trackpad push (let get of the button when you lot're washed moving the object).

For two-button mousers, to right-click means to printing the right mouse push button in one case. For one-button folks, holding down the Control key while you click does the aforementioned thing equally correct-clicking, then you'll see "right-click (Control+click)" in the instructions in this volume. Right-clicking typically calls upwardly a menu of options you can cull from.

Virtually pick buttons onscreen are pretty obvious, only you may not be familiar with radio buttons : To choose an option, yous click one of these little empty circles that are bundled like a listing. If y'all're comfortable with basic concepts like these, you're set up to get started with this book.

In Elements, you'll often want to use keyboard shortcuts to salve time, and this book gives keyboard shortcuts when they be (and at that place are a lot of them in Elements). So if you lot see "Press ⌘ +Due south to save your file," that means to concord down the ⌘ key while pressing the S key.

Note

In this volume, you'll come across Leopard (OS X 10.five) screenshots, only nigh everything in Elements is exactly the same whether you use Leopard or Tiger (OS Ten ten.4). In the one or two places where things are different, yous'll notice directions for both operating systems, or a note that a particular feature is only bachelor in Leopard.

Near → These → Arrows

Throughout Photoshop Elements 6: The Missing Manual (and in any Missing Transmission, for that thing) you'll run into arrows that wait like this: "Go to Filter → Artistic → Pigment Daubs."

This is a shorthand style of helping you detect files, folders, and menu choices without having to read through excruciatingly long, bureaucratic-way instructions. So, for example, the sentence in the previous paragraph is a short way of saying: "Click the Filter choice in the menu bar. In that menu, choose the Artistic section, and then get to Paint Daubs in the pop-out menu." Figure 1 shows you an case in action.

In a Missing Manual, when you see

Figure 1. In a Missing Manual, when you see "Image → Rotate → Free Rotate Layer," that's a quicker fashion of saying "Go to the bill of fare bar and click Epitome, and then slide down to Rotate and choose Complimentary Rotate Layer from the popular-upwards carte."

Most MissingManuals.com

If you lot head on over to the Missing Manual Web site (www.missingmanuals.com), you can discover links to downloadable images for the tutorials mentioned in this book, if you want to practice without using your own photos. (Or maybe you never accept pictures that need correcting?)

A word about the image files for the tutorials: To make life easier for folks with dial-up Cyberspace connections, the file sizes have been kept pretty small-scale. This means you probably won't want to print the results of what y'all create (since you'll end up with a impress about the size of a lucifer book). Simply that doesn't really matter considering the files are really meant for onscreen use. Yous'll meet notes throughout the book nearly which images are available to practice on for any given chapter.

At the Spider web site, you tin as well find articles, tips, and updates to the volume. If you click the Errata link, you'll see any corrections to the book's content, too. If you find something you recollect is incorrect, feel free to written report it by using this link. Each time the book is printed, we'll update information technology with whatever confirmed corrections. If you want to be certain that your own copy is upwards to the minute, this is where to cheque for any changes. And thanks for reporting any errors or suggesting corrections.

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